2.
   2024
/   
  
(     )
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.                 
2.              
 -
3.             
4.          
 -
5.          
2.
6.               
-
7.               
8.              
   2024
/   
  
(     )
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.                 
:        
2.
      1469   (  ,  )  
   ,            
 '  
-      ,           , 
     ,          ,
    :
"  ,   "
(  
,   
 -      )
   ,             
         ,   , 
   ( )          
     (  )
                 -
        20-25  
󷄧󷄫       
              
       :

 ()




 
    
 ,              
              
     
  : "       
 ,           "
2.
   
,           

  
  ,         :
    
 
 
     
   '  
󷄧󷄬      
              
  :


 

 (  '     )
        
 ,           ,    
               
 

    
 
  
       :
     
    ,  
        
󷄧󷄭     
         
2.
  :
 


  
              
       
   
      :
"     
         "
         -   -
       
󷄧󷄮     
             - 16
   

    :


 ()
   ( )
    
  ,                
                  :
"      
"
     ,          -    
      ,     
  
2.
       :
   
       

    
     
    ,            
         ' :

  ( )
 ( )
   ( )
-           -     

           
     
        
    :
  
  
  
-   
   
              - ,
,     

            
  
         :   ,   

2.
   ,   
 -           ,
     ,   - 
    
 
2.              
:1.   
      (    )      
  
'      907  ,          
        ,           
  
  
,           
 
 -  ,       
2.    
              
  :
 :    22  ()     
            
          
 :          ,  
        
    , 
          
     
3.    
               :
 ( ):     -   ,   , 
  -              
            
            
  :   ( )        
     
 :    (  )      
  
2.
         :      
       
              
  
4.      
         :
          ,  
    
       '  ,   84   
 (  )          , 
    
5.      
               
          
     :         , 
 ,           , 
         

              :
     
     
     , ,      
       
2.
 -
3.             
:1. - (    )   - 
          -     ,  
     ,           
  ,     
      
     
 ,    ,    :
 
/ 
       :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,  
 
     - (-)     ,    
     
2.      
     1606      ( )  
   (    ) 
            

,    ,     
 
 :
   
  
      
     
              

,               
2.
3.       
                
 -    ,         
   
       :
         
   
   
   
   
  ,   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
               

4.         
              
  
      
    :
   (1634)
  
  
 
,               
                '
      
5. 52       ( )
                
 52     
2.
       ,             
  
      '       
             52    ,
     
  ,    (  )    
      :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
              
6.        
               
   :
  ()
  (        )
   ,            
         
7.       
            
     :
  
 (  )
  
 
         ,    
           
;  
    
8. -    
2.
                 
   :
         
      
    
   -           
9.       
                
    :
        
       
-   
    ,            
   ,     '   

        ,        
         ,   ,  
        
      ,     '  , 
   ,   ,   ,    
   -   
,       
           
4.          
:1.   
17
   ,           
  '  ,   ,          
2.
                
             
  ,      
2.       
()        
                  
   -        -  
      
()      
    ,   -         
       ,          
 
()       
   (, , , , ) 
      
            -  
  
()      
       ,          
  ( ) ,           
3.       (1699)
1699    ,            
              -
,        ( )  
    ( )         , 
    ,        ,  
    
   
4.      
()  
 ,       
 
 ,       '   
2.
()   
        
     ,   
()   
         
           

()  
 ,            
  
 ,            
5.      
              ,    - ,
,    -        1699    
         

        
 -       
              ,
       
 -
5.          
:󷊻󷊼󷊽  ?
2.
      ,    ""  ""   , 
  
  -        ,  ()

 ,      
            
   
               ,  
        
󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆  ?
 ( )       '     
 
    -   ,   
,    - -
        
   ,               
           
;  , 
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
        
 -     , 
    -  
󷄧󷄫   
                 
2.
  ,  -      -   
 
 ,         ,      
       
,    
-  
            '  
-    '  

󷄧󷄬      
      '         ()
     (),      '   
               
          ,    
 ,         
󷄧󷄭      
              
       '   ,        
 
       
           
             
  
,            

󷄧󷄮 (   )  
    -  () '     
 ,  
 ,  
 ,          
    
           
             
   
             
   
2.
󷄰󷄯    
  
 ,  
 ,   ,    
   
    
            , 
    ,         

 ,           
󷄧󷄱 
   '        
,   
- 
  '          '  
            
  
  ,   
󷄧󷄲       
      
          - ,  
     -      
           ,   ,
  
 ,             
  
    
 
󷄧󷄳  
  ',             
 ,        -  ,   ,  
 
       
2.
󷄧󷄴      
     '   :
  (  )
  ( )
  (   )
      
           
 
 ,        
󹺖󹺗󹺕
        
 -  , ,  
          ,    ,
         
       ,       ,    
    :
   ,   ,      '   
6.               
:1.     
      ( )        
( )      
       ,    "  "
 -         
      '  ,    
       
    
       ,      '  

  
2.    
2.
()   
         ,    
       
                

()  
      ,       
  
         

()  
    (   )       

      ,   ()   
        
  ,    "  "  ,    
  
             
3.     
()    
       , -        
          
()   
   ,          
        
()  
       ,       
           ,     
 
  
()    
   -,          
    ,  -  
2.
4.    
  ,            ,    
     
             
      ,    
 
   ,    ( )       
            ,  
 
     
        

5.      
         ,      
  :
          
       
    ,      

              ,
            ,
             
,              
-
7.               
:󷊻󷊼󷊽    
2.
   1873      ,        
1849       ,        
       ,       
                
            
 ,              -
  ,             -  
             
             1873   
          :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     ,     
    , 1879            ,
        ,          
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
      :
       
   
      
    
  - - 
     
2.
 ,              
     
󹶜󹶟󹶝󹶞󹶠󹶡󹶢󹶣󹶤󹶥󹶦󹶧      
󷄧󷄫     
               
19
 ,      -  -    
         '       
 ,   (, , , , )     -
        
 ,                
           ,    
    
󷄧󷄬   
                
    ,     
     ,  (1892)        
            
2.
     -     ,  
          
󷄧󷄭       
                ,
 ,          
            ,   
             
   
             
󷄧󷄮       
  ,     ()   () 
 ,     -        

      
               
 ,   20
       ( ), 
       
 ,     -   

󷄰󷄯       
  ,         ,   
                  
  '  
   , ,         
            
              
2.
󷄧󷄱        
       :
   
    
    
     
            
󷇮󷇭     
         :
     
  
     
   
    
    
20
   ,        
      
            
󽆪󽆫󽆬
               
       ,       
  , ,      
,    
     
     
,         
  ,    ,        
     
2.
8.              
:1.   
19
    20
   ,        
            ,   
 ,               ()  
  ,       
      ,          
     
2.   
   1920           
           
 ,    ,     
           
  ,        
3.    
(a)       (1921)
                
      '           
   ,            
()     
               
      ,        
         
4. .... 
     1925           
    (SGPC)   
         
    ,       
  
    , 
       
 ,       
2.
5.      
()   
      -  
       - ,    -  
 
()   
-       
       
   -     
()   
         
       , 
      
    
()   
 ,         
         
6.  
      
 -  -    ,
       ,       
 ,        

              
 ,         ,    
     
"                 
 
        ,         
 "